Percepción de dieta y hábitos alimentarios en universitarios del noroeste de México / Perception of diet and eating habits on university students of northwest Mexico

Fundamentos: Considerando la relación existente entre alimentación y salud, la evaluación del estado nutricional resulta fundamental para detectar riesgos derivados de una mala nutrición y pautar una adecuada intervención nutricional. El objetivo fue predecir la percepción de dieta a partir de factores alimentarios en una muestra de estudiantes del noroeste de México. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo Encuesta descriptiva (observacional, prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo) con 119 universitarios, elegidos por muestreo no probabilístico, de los cuales el 85,70% fueron mujeres. Se realizaron análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC).Resultados: Un primer AFC obtuvo un modelo de medición de hábitos alimentarios, conformado por los factores Tipo de alimentación, Control de alimentos, Situación emocional y Actividad física; en un segundo AFC se probó un modelo estructural de percepción de dieta y 3 de las dimensiones de hábitos alimentarios; este modelo multifactorial de Percepción de dieta explica 52,00% de la variabilidad de la percepción de dieta auto-reportada por estudiantes universitarios, a partir de las dimensiones tipos de alimentos, control de alimentos y actividad física. Conclusiones: La dieta de los estudiantes universitarios es inadecuada y se recomienda promover aprendizajes sobre la alimentación y la actividad física que deben realizar para mejorar su salud. (AU)

Background: Considering the relationship between food and health, the evaluation of nutritional status is essential to detect risks derived from poor nutrition and guide an adequate nutritional intervention. The objective was to predict the perception of diet from dietary factors in a sample of students from northwestern Mexico. Methods: A descriptive survey type study (observational, prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive) was carried out with 119 university students, chosen by non-probabilistic sampling, 85,70% were women. Results: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) yielded a model of dietary habits measurement, consisting of the factors Food Type, Food Control, Emotional Situation, and Physical Activity; a second CFA tested a structural model of diet perception and 3 of the dimensions of dietary habits; this multifactorial model of diet perception explains 52.00% of the variability of self-reported diet perception by university students, from the dimensions food type, food control and physical activity. Conclusions: The diet of university students is inadequate and it is recommended to promote learning about nutrition and physical activity to improve their health. (AU)

Características de la publicación científica de enfermería en México: período 2010-2016 / Characteristics of the scientific publication of nursing in México: 2010-2016 period

Introducción: la difusión del conocimiento es fundamental para el desarrollo de la ciencia. En México existen pocos estudios que describan las características de la producción científica de enfermería. Objetivo: describir las características de la publicación de enfermería en México durante el período 2010-2016. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos EBSCO Host, Scopus, Scielo, Medigraphic, Redalyc, Dialnet, PubMed y Periódica. Se analizaron mediante esta- dística descriptiva. Resultados: se publicaron anualmente 61 artículos (DE = 2.01), en su mayor parte en revistas mexicanas (78.7%). La temática más frecuente es el cuidado o la atención de enfermería (11.0%); el 67.5% correspondió a estudios cuantitativos y el 13.6% utiliza una teoría de enfermería. Conclusiones: la caracterización de las publicaciones de enfermería nacionales permite identificar necesidades en investigación, como emplear metodologías que provean mayor grado de evidencia científica y establecer líneas de investigación prioritarias mediante teorías disciplinares.

Introduction: The diffusion of knowledge is fundamental for the development of a science. In Mexico there are few studies that present the characteristics of the scientific production of nursing. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the nursing publication in Mexico during the period 2010-2016. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study. A search of articles was carried out in the EBSCO Host, Scopus, Scielo, Medigraphic, Redalyc, Dialnet, PubMed and Periodic databases. They were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: 61 articles were published annually (SD = 2.01), mostly in Mexican journals (78.7%).The most frequent theme is nursing care and / or care (11.0%); 67.5% were quantitative studies and 13.6% used a nursing theory. Conclusions: The characterization of nursing publications at the national level allows us to identify research needs, such as entering into methodologies that provide a higher level of scientific evidence and establish priority research lines, using disciplinary theories.

Grado de sobrecarga y caracterización de cuidadores de personas adultas mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Work overload degree and characterization of caregivers of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el grado de sobrecarga y las características sociodemográficas de cuidadores informales de personas adultas mayores con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional, de corte transversal a 83 cuidadores informales de personas adultas mayores con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, provenientes del sector noreste de Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México. Para medir la sobrecarga se utilizó la Escala Zarit, se incluyeron ítems sobre características sociodemográficas. Resultados: El perfil del cuidador con tendencia a sobrecarga fue: mujer (81.9%), ama de casa (47%), con un promedio de edad de 40 años, casada (53%), hija del adulto mayor (72.3%), de baja escolaridad (66.1%) e ingresos económicos mensuales menores o igual a 6,799 pesos mexicanos (51.8%) que lleva de uno a tres años como cuidadora (54.2%) dedicando más de 17 horas/ diarias al mismo (51.8%). El 48.2% de los cuidadores presentó sobrecarga intensa, el 44.6% ausencia de sobrecarga y 7.2% sobrecarga leve. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (p=0.02) entre el grado de sobrecarga y las variables estado civil y ocupación. Conclusiones: La asociación significativa indica que el estado civil y la ocupación se relaciona con el grado de sobrecarga percibido en los cuidadores, lo cual es importante proponer que las intervenciones sean dirigidas a estas características para la disminución de la sobrecarga, la cual es un riesgo para la salud de los cuidadores con dicho perfil, ya que se encuentra asociada a mayor morbimortalidad médica, psiquiátrica y social del cuidador

Objective: to determinate association between overload degree and sociodemographic characteristics of informal caregivers of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study of 83 informal caregivers of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, from the northeast sector of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico. The Zarit Scale was used to measure the overload degree, items regarding to sociodemographic characteristics were included. Results: the profile of the caregiver with tendency to overload was: woman (81.9%), housewife (47%), with an average age of 40 years, married (53%), daughter of the older adult (72.3%), low schooling (66.1%) and monthly income less than or equal to 6,799 mexican pesos (51.8%), from one to three years as caregiver (54.2%) and dedicating more than 17 hours per day to it (51.8%). The 48.2% of the caregivers showed intense overload, 44.6% absence of overload and 7.2% slight overload. A statistically significant association was found (p=0.02) between the degree of overload and the variables marital status and occupation. Conclusions: The significant association indicates that marital status and occupation is related to the caregivers perceived overload degree. It is relevant to propose interventions directed to these characteristics in order to reduce intense overload degree, which is a risk for caregiver's health with this profile, since it is related with greater odds of medical, psychiatric and social morbidity and mortality

Síntomas depresivos y niveles séricos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 en universitarios del norte de México / Depressive symptoms and serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 among college students from Northern Mexico

Introducción: estudios previos sugieren que un bajo consumo de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega-3 y razón omega-6/omega-3 alta, así como niveles séricos bajos, se asocian con trastornos depresivos, sin embargo, los resultados no son concluyentes. Objetivos: evaluar los niveles séricos de AGPI omega-3 (ácido eicosapentaenoico [EPA], docosahexaenoico [DHA], alfalinolenico [ALA]) y la razón omega-6 (ácido araquidónico [AA])/EPA, en relación a los síntomas depresivos en universitarios del norte de México. Material y métodos:estudio transversal que incluyó 60 participantes (18 a 24 años de edad) de ambos sexos, con determinaciones séricas de EPA, DHA, ALA y AA, quienes respondieron la escala de depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) validada para estudiantes mexicanos. La relación de los AGPI omega-3 y omega-6 con los síntomas depresivos se evaluó con modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: los niveles séricos de EPA, DHA y razón EPA/DHA no se correlacionaron con síntomas depresivos, un incremento en ALA sérico se correlacionó con menos síntomas depresivos antes y después de ajustar por confusores; sin embargo, los resultados no fueron estadísticamente significativos. En mujeres, la escala CES-D incrementó 5,5 puntos (p = 0,57) por 1% de incremento en EPA y disminuyó 6,7 puntos (p = 0,39) por 1% de incremento en ALA. Conclusiones: nuestros resultados no confirman la asociación entre los niveles séricos de AGPI omega-3 y razón omega-6/omega-3 con síntomas depresivos. La correlación negativa del nivel sérico de ALA con síntomas depresivos necesita ser confirmada en estudios de seguimiento (AU)

Introduction: Previous studies suggest that low consumption as well as low serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 and a high omega-6/omega-3 ratio may be implicated in the etiology of depressive disorders, however, epidemiologic evidence is inconclusive. Objective: To assess the relationship of serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic [DHA], eicosapentaenoic [EPA], alpha-linolenic fatty acid [ALA]) and the omega-6 (arachidonic acid [AA])/EPA ratio with depressive symptoms among Mexican college students. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study that included 60 male and female participants (ages 18 to 24 years) with serum levels of EPA, DHA, ALA and AA. Depressive symptoms were ascertained with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale validated for Mexican students. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and serum PUFA omega-3 and omega-6. Results: Serum levels of EPA, DHA and EPA/DHA ratio were not related to depressive symptoms, high serum ALA was related with lower depressive symptoms before and after covariate adjustment; however, these results were not statistically significant. Among women, 1% increase in EPA resulted in 5.5. (p = 0.57) increase in the depressive scale scores while 1% increase in ALA resulted in 6.7 decrease (p = 0.39) in the scores. Conclusions: Our results did not confirm the relationship of serum levels of PUFA omega-3 and omega-6/omega-3 ratio with depressive symptoms; the negative correlation of serum ALA with depressive symptoms remains to be confirmed in prospective studies (AU)

[Depressive symptoms and serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 among college students from Northern Mexico]. / Síntomas depresivos y niveles séricos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 en universitarios del norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies suggest that low consumption as well as low serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 and a high omega-6/omega-3 ratio may be implicated in the etiology of depressive disorders, however, epidemiologic evidence is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic [DHA], eicosapentaenoic [EPA], alpha-linolenic fatty acid [ALA]) and the omega-6 (arachidonic acid [AA])/EPA ratio with depressive symptoms among Mexican college students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included 60 male and female participants (ages 18 to 24 years) with serum levels of EPA, DHA, ALA and AA. Depressive symptoms were ascertained with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale validated for Mexican students. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and serum PUFA omega-3 and omega-6. RESULTS: Serum levels of EPA, DHA and EPA/DHA ratio were not related to depressive symptoms, high serum ALA was related with lower depressive symptoms before and after covariate adjustment; however, these results were not statistically significant. Among women, 1% increase in EPA resulted in 5.5. (p = 0.57) increase in the depressive scale scores while 1% increase in ALA resulted in 6.7 decrease (p = 0.39) in the scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our results did not confirm the relationship of serum levels of PUFA omega-3 and omega-6/omega-3 ratio with depressive symptoms; the negative correlation of serum ALA with depressive symptoms remains to be confirmed in prospective studies.

[ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS AND CARDIOMETABOLIC EVENTS AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN FROM SONORA, MEXICO]. / INDICADORES ANTROPOMÉTRICOS Y SU ASOCIACIÓN CON EVENTOS CARDIOMETABÓLICOS EN ESCOLARES DE SONORA, MÉXICO.

INTRODUCTION: obesity in childhood is predictive of obesity in adulthood and it is associated with adverse health effect apparent since childhood; however, the joint assessment of obesity and adverse events among children in clinical settings is unusual. OBJECTIVES: to assess the association of overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, and excess body fat with systolic [SBP] and diastolic [DBP] blood pressure, lipid profile and glucose levels; and to identify the best anthropometric indicator of such events. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 412 schoolchildren. The presence of overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity and excess body fat was determined among all participants; levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high and low density lipoproteins, and glucose were measured in a subsample (n = 133). The associations of interest were assessed using adjusted linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: 33% of the children were overweight or obese. Overall, overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and excess body fat were associated with elevated SBP and DBP and with a lipid profile and glucose levels that could indicate health risks among these children. Overweight and obesity were the best predictors of such events. CONCLUSIONS: among these school-aged children, we observed that obesity was associated with high odds of having adverse health outcomes such as high blood pressure, lipids and glucose. Such adverse events can be predicted by the presence of obesity measured by BMI, which is a noninvasive, inexpensive and easy to implement measure.

Introducción: la obesidad durante la niñez es predictiva de obesidad en la adultez y se asocia a eventos adversos para la salud observables desde etapas tempranas; sin embargo, la evaluación conjunta de obesidad y eventos adversos en los menores no es parte de la atención médica habitual. Objetivos: evaluar la asociación de sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad abdominal y exceso de grasa corporal con la presión arterial sistólica [PAS] y diastólica [PAD], y el perfil de lípidos y glucosa; e identificar el mejor indicador antropométrico de dichos eventos. Material y métodos: estudio transversal en 412 escolares a quienes se les determinó la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad abdominal y exceso de grasa corporal. Los niveles de colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y glucosa se determinaron en una submuestra (n = 133). Las asociaciones se evaluaron con modelos de regresión lineal y logística ajustados. Resultados: el 33% de los participantes tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad. El sobrepeso, la obesidad, la obesidad abdominal y el exceso de grasa corporal se asociaron con un incremento de PAS y PAD, y con un perfil de lípidos y glucosa que representan riesgos para la salud. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron los mejores predictores de dichos eventos. Conclusiones: en nuestra población, la obesidad se asoció con mayor posibilidad de presentar eventos adversos para la salud como PA elevada, niveles de lípidos y glucosa altos. La obesidad puede ser determinada con el IMC, que es un índice de bajo coste, no invasivo y de fácil implementación.

[CONSUMPTION OF OMEGA- 3 FATTY ACIDS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS FROM SONORA, MEXICO]. / CONSUMO DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS OMEGA-3 Y SÍNTOMAS DEPRESIVOS EN UNIVERSITARIOS DE SONORA, MÉXICO.

INTRODUCTION: recent studies suggest that low serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 are associated with a higher prevalence of depression. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate whether low consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in a sample of college students from the Northwest of Mexico, and to assess the potential effect modification by alcohol consumption. METHODS: we conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 706 college students (males and females) aged 18 to 24. The presence of depressive symptoms was identified with the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D), using a cutoff point of ≥ 24. The intake of omega-3 was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire validated for Mexican population. We estimated the weekly intake of alpha-linolenic fatty acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) derived from the diet in mg/g of food. The association between omega-3 from diet and the presence of depressive symptoms was assessed using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: 67% of the participants were females; 16.6% were classified as having depressive symptoms. A low intake of ALA and EPA + DHA was not associated with depressive symptoms before and after adjusting for confounders. Median levels of ALA (from nuts only) were significantly lower among those with depressive symptoms compared to those without these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: in this population of Mexican college students, a low intake of omega-3 fatty acids was not associated with depressive symptoms. The potential association between nut consumption and depressive symptoms deserve more attention.

Introducción: estudios recientes sugieren que los niveles bajos de acidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 se relacionan con una mayor prevalencia de depresion; sin embargo, los resultados no son concluyentes. Objetivo: evaluar la asociacion entre el bajo consumo de acidos grasos omega-3 y la presencia de sintomas depresivos en jovenes universitarios del noroeste de Mexico. Métodos: se realizo un estudio transversal en una muestra de 706 universitarios de 18 a 24 anos de edad de ambos sexos. La presencia de sintomatologia depresiva se estimo con la escala de Depresion del Centro de Estudios Epidemiologicos (CES-D) empleando un punto de corte ≥ 24. El consumo semanal de acidos grasos alfalinolenico (ALA) y de eicosapentaenoico (EPA) mas docosahexaenoico (DHA) en mg/g de alimento se estimo por medio de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos validado para la poblacion mexicana. La asociacion del consumo de omega-3 con la presencia de sintomas depresivos se evaluo con modelos de regresion logistica. Resultados: el 67% de los participantes fueron mujeres; en general, el 16,6% presentaron sintomatologia depresiva. El consumo bajo de ALA y EPA + DHA no se asocio con mayor prevalencia de sintomatologia depresiva antes y despues de ajustar por confusores. En aquellos casos con sintomatologia depresiva, los niveles ALA derivados solo de las nueces fueron significativamente menores. Conclusiones: en esta poblacion no se observo asociacion entre el bajo consumo de acidos grasos omega-3 y la sintomatologia depresiva. La posible asociacion entre el consumo de nueces y la sintomatologia depresiva requiere de mas estudios.

Indicadores antropométricos y su asociación con eventos cardiometabólicos en escolares de Sonora, México / Anthropometric indicators and cardiometabolic events among school-aged children from sonora, Mexico

Introducción: la obesidad durante la niñez es predictiva de obesidad en la adultez y se asocia a eventos adversos para la salud observables desde etapas tempranas; sin embargo, la evaluación conjunta de obesidad y eventos adversos en los menores no es parte de la atención médica habitual. Objetivos: evaluar la asociación de sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad abdominal y exceso de grasa corporal con la presión arterial sistólica [PAS] y diastólica [PAD], y el perfil de lípidos y glucosa; e identificar el mejor indicador antropométrico de dichos eventos. Material y métodos: estudio transversal en 412 escolares a quienes se les determinó la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad abdominal y exceso de grasa corporal. Los niveles de colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y glucosa se determinaron en una submuestra (n = 133). Las asociaciones se evaluaron con modelos de regresión lineal y logística ajustados. Resultados: el 33% de los participantes tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad. El sobrepeso, la obesidad, la obesidad abdominal y el exceso de grasa corporal se asociaron con un incremento de PAS y PAD, y con un perfil de lípidos y glucosa que representan riesgos para la salud. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron los mejores predictores de dichos eventos. Conclusiones: en nuestra población, la obesidad se asoció con mayor posibilidad de presentar eventos adversos para la salud como PA elevada, niveles de lípidos y glucosa altos. La obesidad puede ser determinada con el IMC, que es un índice de bajo coste, no invasivo y de fácil implementación (AU)

Introduction: obesity in childhood is predictive of obesity in adulthood and it is associated with adverse health effect apparent since childhood; however, the joint assessment of obesity and adverse events among children in clinical settings is unusual. Objectives: to assess the association of overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, and excess body fat with systolic [SBP] and diastolic [DBP] blood pressure, lipid profile and glucose levels; and to identify the best anthropometric indicator of such events. Material and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 412 schoolchildren. The presence of overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity and excess body fat was determined among all participants; levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high and low density lipoproteins, and glucose were measured in a subsample (n = 133). The associations of interest were assessed using adjusted linear and logistic regression models. Results: 33% of the children were overweight or obese. Overall, overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and excess body fat were associated with elevated SBP and DBP and with a lipid profile and glucose levels that could indicate health risks among these children. Overweight and obesity were the best predictors of such events. Conclusions: among these school-aged children, we observed that obesity was associated with high odds of having adverse health outcomes such as high blood pressure, lipids and glucose. Such adverse events can be predicted by the presence of obesity measured by BMI, which is a noninvasive, inexpensive and easy to implement measure (AU)